The agreement also has important implications for future UK policy on labour and environmental protections, as well as rules for state aid. A key element of the negotiations was the so-called ‘level playing field’ – the rules for fair competition designed to underpin the trade agreement. However, the commitments on labour and environmental standards are considerably weaker than expected; there is only a commitment not to lower current levels of protection to the extent that any reductions may affect trade or investment. Given it is notoriously difficult to prove that any lowering of protections affects trade or investment, the deal is unlikely to prevent the UK government from weakening EU-derived labour and environmental policies if it so chooses.