Before the election I would have said the former but after seeing these results and reading some comments online, I think its all of the above and it relates to your second point. Everyone is online now (unlike 2016) and the right dominates social media channels so the level of discussion gets dominated by:
"Nelson Mandela was a convicted felon, Trump is in good company"
"Trump is for peace, Kamala is for war"
"Trump is for LGBT rights more than the Democrats, he just wants to protect minors from being forced to transition"
"Trump didn't take a salary his first term, he's for us."
"Biden/Kamala are paying for votes from illegals."
I could go on but everyone gets the point. It's going to take a lot to build a digital ecosystem to counter what the right have been working toward for years when the Dems are so focused on precious polls and frankly live in a bubble. They are too busy fighting the elections of the last century and have a lot of catching up to do. The pandemic and Trump's mistakes there gave them a reprieve and they didn't learn their lessons.