Regarding Mig-25's, you're speaking with hindsight. Western analysts at the time were basing what they thought the Mig-25 was based on satellite imagery. The design characteristics (mostly around wing span and twin engines) led to the panic.
I didn't dispute that.
The Mig-25 did not do its job well. The MIG-25 existed to solve a problem that no longer existed - US overflight over Soviet Union with high altitude and ranged spy planes/strategic bombers. The engine quality was appalling, the frame was mostly built with lightened steel and the engines would burn out very quickly if it flew at its intended intercept speeds. The electronics onboard the plane were already obsolete by the 1970's. The MIG-25 is a perfect example of the problems plaguing the Soviet military-industrial complex. Lack of proper tertiary civilian industry (domestic electronics market, materials science engineering research, commercial engine research) led the military having to make-do with some poor trade offs and compromises.
That's a fair point. There were indeed many problems with the aircraft due to its rushed development, but as it often happens, most of the issues, notably the engines were ironed out in the next versions, before being replaced by the MiG-31. It still carried out reconnaissance and interception missions where its primary advantage, its speed, came in handy and while not being an air superiority fighter, its combat history shows it performed well when not fighting against overwhelming odds and a fairly equal opponent. Hence my comment. I agree with the rest.
You can point out the West's lack of experience in near-peer conflict, but your assessment of Iraq is completely off. Iraq's military in 1991 was a magnitude stronger than AFU in 2022. That's right by the way, for the first six months of the war, Ukraine's military was also absolutely horrific. Thankfully, they had the west to correct them on the basics. To this day, Ukraine's main armoured backbone is its T-64 supported by a small battalions of T-80's. Iraq was fielding export versions of T-72's by that point. Iraq's weakness in '91 is exactly the kind of weakness that Russia showed. Decent equipment on paper, lack of training, lack of cohesion, lack of a proper Non-Comm officer corps and complete lack of inter-unit co-operation.
I honestly don't see how. Iraq bled out during its war against Iran, and was economically crippled.
The Iran-Iraq war already showed an obvious lack of quality in the Iraqi millitary leadership with many high ranking commanding officers promoted because of their allegiance and not their competence. And that's not taking into account the purges during the war. They didn't have the means to properly maintain any of their military equipement nor train the crews or pilots. The T-72M1s fielded by Iraq during the Gulf War were heavily downgraded compared to the Russian counter-part. Without proper night-vision system, no modern fire control system and lesser armor, they didn't stand a chance against the M1A1s, the M1A1HAs or the Challengers. They also had a large number of the so-called "Lions of Babylon", a locally produced T-72 which was even worse. I won't even talk about their T-55s, T-62s and T-69s.
MiG-21s and MiG-23s formed the bulk of the Iraqi Air Force and were no match for the F-15s, F-16s, F-18s and Tornados. The couple of MiG-29s and Mirages weren't enough to make any diference and many were sent to Iran. Aside from the enormous technological edge and a much better trained military personel, the Coalition had absolute air and naval superiority.
The Iraqi ground troops, despite their massive numbers on paper, were equally poorly trained, ill equipped and largely demotivated, aside from few "elite" units.
So yeah, if you go by raw numbers, you can make an argument for Iraq having the 4th
largest army in the world at the time, but it's an empty one. Quantity doesn't quality, millenia of warfare proved that and I don't think it didn't dawn on the US or Western Intelligence. Iraq didn't have a single chance against the US alone, even less against 40 countries. I stand by what said, Iraq being the 4th military power at the time was a myth propped up solely for international and domestic propaganda. I'll never consider the Gulf War as a real one, fought on remotely even terms. It was the one-sided destruction of a totally inferior opponent, at every level. My opinion though.
After their initial blunders, the Russians are learning and they're learning fast. They're acquiring an war experience none of the US or NATO ever had or has. And despite the Russian mistakes, Ukraine would've never lasted if not for the Western support.
Again, you assume Saddam's "doctrine" was static ground defense, but the truth could not be further away. In fact, the Iraqi Army followed the classic "defense - in - depth" doctrines that the Soviets employed and distributed at around a similar timeframe. Undermanned static defenses were purposefully deployed to be delaying troops, anchored by defensive hardpoints, creating funnels through which the enemy can breach. These funnels would allow the enemy to push deeper into the lines, before they were counter-attacked by well trained, mobile, armoured units and defeated through detail. The Republican Guard divisions were those mobile armored units, the problem was the gap between Iraq and the Coalition was so strong that it didn't matter what the Medina or Tawalkana Divisions did, they would get minced.
The problem was that the West was so much more technologically advanced that this Soviet doctrine was pretty obsolescent - so much so that shortly after, Russia and China both abandoned their concepts of defense in depth. Both countries (Soviet Union) too, had their defensive strategies exactly the same, just with more material and in Russia's case, somewhat better material. Fat lot of good defensive hardpoints do when enemy Air Cavalry divisions can just helidrop 10k troops in 4 hours 100km behind your lines, or when 2000 MBT's can roll through a desert through satellite navigation.
I stand corrected.
It still doesn't make sense to me because the skies belonged to the Coalition and Iraq's "empty", flat topography heavily played to its strengths. A confrontation on an open terrain was always going to end one way. Regrouping around urban centers would've been a sounder choice, not that it would've changed the outcome, mind.
They do rely on a fundamentally different geography and an air support/ defense to speak of. Which wasn't the case at all in Iraq.
Thanks again for your insight and feel free to correct me, if I'm wrong.