I was wondering why Egypt seems so weak. A 112M population, good tourist spots, ancient history and sites. Yet it seems the country seems perpetually in political and economic crisis.
We talk a lot about big players in the ME like Iran, Saudi Arabia and Israel. But you'd think Egypt would also be a big player.
Egypt’s high population is a burden rather than an asset given the country’s meager resources, and how it is narrowly confined to the Nile Valley and Delta which seems to encourage highly centralized, authoritarian rule. Hence modern Egypt has been dependent to a large extent on foreign aid and remittances, and the problems that go with these sources of revenue.
From the mid-50s to mid-70s, when the Soviet Union was the major source of foreign aid, Egypt was very much spoken of in those terms. Under Nasser, Cairo was the major driving force behind Arab nationalist politics across the region, and the confrontation with Israel.
However, this status carried certain burdens that Cairo found it could not bear, especially after the 1967 war. By the early 70s the ruling military class came to the conclusion that Soviet support was not sufficient to help feed the population and regain the Sinai from Israel, and so flipped to the Americans and signed a separate peace with Jerusalem. As a consequence, Egypt was kicked out of the Arab League and boycotted for a decade.
While the general dysfunction of the Arab state system by the late 80s and the post-Cold War context facilitated a gradual re-entry on to the regional political scene, by the 90s the country was struggling too much with internal problems of over-population, authoritarian corruption, Islamist militancy, etc. to have any hope of weaning itself off American aid, and this was ultimately exacerbated by the fallout of the Arab Spring.