"Why the West Rules - for Now" is a book on the entire history of human civilization. It actually starts immediately after the latest Ice Age and tries to understand why Western civilization has been ahead during the entire history except for 1300 years (between the 5th and 18th centuries). The first shocking thing in the book is the definition of the West. For most people, Western civilization is defined as related to one (or more) of the following four things: a) civilization based on Europe and America/Australia; b) civilization based on the ancient Greek's ideas of freedom and democracy; c) civilization based on the Roman Empire; d) civilization based on Christianity. Morris actually well-explains that all these definitions are artificial, and the real definition is that the Western civilization consists of all the civilizations that came from the settlers in the Jordan valley. They were the first hunters and gatherers who turned farmers and spread in Europe, the Middle East, and likely on India and Pakistan. In fact, this relegates Europe to only the periphery of the Western civilization for most of the history (except between Alexander and Muhammad, and then later since the Industrial Revolution when Europe becomes the center again). It is a very thought-provoking idea and an idea that is hard to dismiss. Similarly, Morris defined Eastern civilization as the civilization spread from the first farmers in the Yellow River (around 2000 years after the farmers in Jordan valley and totally independent of them), and that spread to current China, Korea, Japan, and Indochina. The author mentions but does not speak much about the other civilizations (sub-Saharan Africa, America, and Papua New Guinea).
After the definition, Morris goes on a detailed tour-de-force in the history of these civilizations. For the most part, he argues that the West was always ahead. Starting from farmers in Jordan valley 2000 years ahead of those in China, to Mesopotamia, Egypt, middle-Eastern Empires, Macedonian, and the Roman Empire. Eastern Civilization was always playing catch-up, with the Han dynasty being closest to catching its Western counterpart (the Roman Empire). The author mentions many hard-limits where both Civilizations struggling to prosper, typically as a combination of what he calls the four horsemen of the Apocalypse (climate change, famine, migration, and disease) resulting in the fifth horsemen (state failure). You see countless examples in the entire history, from the Sea People being the catalyst for the destruction of Middle Eastern Empires (Hittite, Assyrian, Babylonian, and Egypt) to Attila helping the destruction of Rome, or Genghis Khan being the catalyst for China starting to lose their supremacy.
In every case, the author mentions that it was geography (not biology, or sociology) that was the main reason for the differences between the civilizations. Average humans have around the same intelligence, be it on the West or East. The reason why the farmers settled first in the West is that there are many more plants and animals that can be domesticated in the West than in the East (the author gives the exact numbers, the difference is too big). The reason why the West settled America first is that Atlantic is much smaller than the Pacific. And the reason why there are no more Nomad Empire, is because Russia and China were able to close the 'steppe highway'. Nevertheless, the author argues that with the changing of times, the geography changes. The Atlantic was always there, but only after humans were able to build large ships (and have the incentive; Colombus took the journey because he wanted to reach rich China and do trade with them) were able to pass the Atlantic, in turn, transforming Europe from a peripherical region of the Western civilization to the core of it.
The last chapter was the one I liked least. It tries to do psychohistory (the famous term from Foundation series) and predict the future. The author limits the direction on what the humans will reach on this century to the wanted Singularity and the catastrophic Nightfall (as you can see, Morris is found of Asimov). While there are common-sense things in the chapter, I also found out that the author deals in absolutisms and does not have the necessary background to talk about the Singularity (I think it is far more likely that we won't reach full autonomous driving by 2045 than reaching Singularity by that year). However, taken for what it is, a book in the history of mankind's two greatest civilizations, this is a masterpiece and at the very least, it offers a very different (but extremely intelligent) opinion.